Table 1 Main lining support parameters of the tunnel.

From: Analysis and treatment of invert uplift in a long span tunnel in weak mudstone

Type

Surrounding rock classification

Initial support

Secondary lining

Deformation allowance

Sprayed concrete (cm)

Anchor bar (m)

Reinforcement Mesh

Steel frame distance

Arch wall (cm)

(mm)

Arch Wall

Inverted arch

Position

Length

Spacing

(mm)

(cm)

SF5a

2

29

29

Arch wall

3.5

1.0 × 0.6

8@150 × 150 (Double, arch, wall)

60 (I22b)

60cmC30 WRC

150

SF5b

1

27

27

4.0

1.0 × 0.7

70 (I20b)

60cmC30 WRC

120

SF5c

(V*)

29

29

4.5

1.0 × 0.6

60 (I22b)

70cmC30 WRC

150

SF4a

3

25

25

3.5

1.0 × 0.8

80 (I18)

55cmC30 WRC

120

SF4b

2

25

3.5

1.0 × 1.0

8@200 × 200 (Double, arch, wall)

100 (I18)

50cmC30 WRC

100

  1. WRC, Waterproof reinforced concrete; (V*), Shattered fault zone and lithological contact zone.The affected tunnel section is characterized by Cretaceous fully to strongly weathered mudstone and interbedded sandstone formations, with localized occurrences of extremely soft rock. The entire tunnel passes through Grade IV and V surrounding rocks, accounting for 69% (Grade IV) and 31% (Grade V) of the tunnel length, respectively. Geological exploration predicts a maximum water inflow rate of 4,439.68 m3/day. The diseased segment (K122 + 500–K122 + 900) is underlain by V2-grade surrounding rock and intersects the Shaofangba Reservoir at K122 + 420. The reservoir bottom elevation is 75 m above the tunnel invert, while the upstream gully forms a 90° angle with the tunnel alignment. This creates a notch-shaped geological structure where the reservoir water level exceeds the tunnel elevation by approximately 84 m. Although the rock mass in this section is relatively intact with low permeability and moderate groundwater productivity, tunnel excavation may induce fracture water and capillary pressure development, posing significant water infiltration risks.