Fig. 3

The climate changes from MIS6 to MIS5e: (a) δ18O records of Zhangjia Cave and insolation at 30°N − 30°S on July 21; (b) Atmospheric CH4 records39; (c) Atmospheric CO2 records39; (d) Relative sea level records (Grant et al., 2014); (e) The deuterium record39; (f-i) MD01-2444 alkenone uk’37 and Mg/Ca SST, planktonic (G. bulloides), benthic foraminiferal δ18O, temperate (Mediterranean + Eurosiberian) tree pollen percentages35; (j) ODP984 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) (inverse scale), N. incompta percentages43; (k) ODP984 and MD03-2663 IRD percentages43,44; (l) εNd from the Bermuda Rise ODP 1063 site45; (m) 231Pa/230Th data from Bermuda Rise ODP 1063 site45; (n) %NPS (a temperature proxy) from the NE Atlantic46; (p) TEX86 temperature from Jiangjun Cave17. The red dashed line indicates the onset of the last interglacial.