Table 4 Summary statistics of exhaustive variable analysis.
From: Machine learning detection of manipulative environmental disclosures in corporate reports
Outcome Variable | Variables | Mean of manipulation samples | Mean of normal samples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Disclosure of manipulation | 1 | 0 | ||
Internal pressure factor | Internal regulation | Size of supervisory board | 3.6080 | 3.6115 |
Profitability | Return on assets (ROA) | 0.0404 | 0.0363 | |
Growth ability | Growth rate | 0.3428 | 1.2765 | |
Size of supervisory board | 22.7134 | 22.8559 | ||
The capital structure | Asset-liability ratio | 0.4113 | 0.4296 | |
Equity structure | Shareholding concentration | 58.3266 | 59.2223 | |
Executive shareholding ratio | 0.0719 | 0.0717 | ||
External pressure factors | Institutional supervision pressure | Exchange regulation | 0.3618 | 0.3927 |
Public pressure | Public attention | 560.1508 | 587.0793 | |
Local pressure | GDP | 49610.83 | 45829.30 | |
Government regulatory pressure | Property rights | 0.4020 | 0.3687 | |
Investor pressure | Earnings per share (EPS) | 0.3893 | 0.4230 | |
Social reputation | Big4 audit | 0.0592 | 0.0188 | |
Industry attributes | Nature of the industry | 0.0050 | 0.0025 | |
