Table 2 Binary logistic regression analysis of the relationship between various lifestyle factors and age-related hearing loss in men.
From: Relationship between age-related hearing loss and alcohol consumption in a Japanese population
Men (N = 5,219) | Pure tone average | 4000 Hz | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Multivariable-adjusted | Crude | Multivariable-adjusted | |||||||||
Normal cases N (%) | Hearing loss cases N (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Normal cases N (%) | Hearing loss cases N (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
Age (y) | ||||||||||||
50 to 59 | 568 (26.2) | 260 (8.5) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 363 (30.3) | 465 (11.6) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
60 to 69 | 1314 (60.6) | 1836 (60.2) | 3.05 (2.60–3.60) | < 0.001 | 2.95 (2.49–3.50) | < 0.001 | 689 (57.6) | 2461 (61.2) | 2.79 (2.37–3.28) | < 0.001 | 2.73 (2.30–3.25) | < 0.001 |
70 to 79 | 287 (13.2) | 954 (31.3) | 7.26 (5.97–8.86) | < 0.001 | 6.76 (5.48–8.37) | < 0.001 | 144 (12.0) | 1097 (27.3) | 5.95 (4.78–7.44) | < 0.001 | 5.72 (4.52–7.28) | < 0.001 |
Type of cohort | ||||||||||||
Community-based cohort | 1764 (81.3) | 2729 (89.5) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 954 (79.8) | 3539 (88.0) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Birth and three-generation cohort | 405 (18.7) | 321 (10.5) | 0.51 (0.44–0.60) | < 0.001 | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) | < 0.001 | 242 (20.2) | 484 (12.0) | 0.54 (0.46–0.64) | < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) | < 0.001 |
History of cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||||
No | 1931 (89.0) | 2604 (85.4) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1069 (89.4) | 3466 (86.2) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 238 (11.0) | 446 (14.6) | 1.39 (1.18–1.65) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (0.98–1.41) | 0.075 | 127 (10.6) | 557 (13.8) | 1.35 (1.11–1.67) | 0.004 | 1.16 (0.94–1.45) | 0.174 |
Occupations with noise exposure | ||||||||||||
No | 1964 (90.5) | 2849 (93.4) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1072 (89.6) | 3741 (93.0) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 205 (9.5) | 201 (6.6) | 0.68 (0.55–0.83) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 0.999 | 124 (10.4) | 282 (7.0) | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 0.506 |
Family history | ||||||||||||
No | 2069 (95.4) | 2864 (93.9) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1141 (95.4) | 3792 (94.3) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 100 (4.6) | 186 (6.1) | 1.34 (1.05–1.73) | 0.020 | 1.55 (1.19–2.01) | 0.001 | 55 (4.6) | 231 (5.7) | 1.26 (0.94–1.72) | 0.128 | 1.40 (1.03–1.93) | 0.035 |
Education | ||||||||||||
High (university and above) | 731 (33.7) | 675 (22.1) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 458 (38.3) | 948 (23.6) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Middle (high school) | 1326 (61.1) | 1966 (64.5) | 1.61 (1.42–1.82) | < 0.001 | 1.59 (1.39–1.81) | < 0.001 | 688 (57.5) | 2604 (64.7) | 1.83 (1.59–2.10) | < 0.001 | 1.81 (1.56–2.09) | < 0.001 |
Low (junior high school and below) | 112 (5.2) | 409 (13.4) | 3.95 (3.14–5.01) | < 0.001 | 3.07 (2.41–3.93) | < 0.001 | 50 (4.2) | 471 (11.7) | 4.55 (3.36–6.28) | < 0.001 | 3.53 (2.58–4.91) | < 0.001 |
Number of teeth | ||||||||||||
≥ 20 | 1754 (80.9) | 2215 (72.6) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 971 (81.2) | 2998 (74.5) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
10 to 19 | 270 (12.4) | 515 (16.9) | 1.51 (1.29–1.77) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | 0.042 | 141 (11.8) | 644 (16.0) | 1.48 (1.22–1.81) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 0.236 |
< 10 | 145 (6.7) | 320 (10.5) | 1.75 (1.43–2.15) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (0.99–1.54) | 0.065 | 84 (7.0) | 381 (9.5) | 1.47 (1.15–1.89) | 0.002 | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 0.947 |
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Never-smoker | 581 (26.8) | 795 (26.1) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 329 (27.5) | 1047 (26.0) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Ex-smoker | 1217 (56.1) | 1753 (57.5) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 0.437 | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 0.269 | 668 (55.9) | 2302 (57.2) | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 0.301 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 0.308 |
Current smoker | 371 (17.1) | 502 (16.5) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 0.898 | 1.19 (0.98–1.43) | 0.078 | 199 (16.6) | 674 (16.8) | 1.06 (0.87–1.30) | 0.543 | 1.22 (0.97–1.51) | 0.086 |
Hypertension | ||||||||||||
No | 1437 (66.3) | 1869 (61.3) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 791 (66.1) | 2515 (62.5) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 732 (33.7) | 1181 (38.7) | 1.24 (1.11–1.39) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.215 | 405 (33.4) | 1508 (37.5) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 0.023 | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.942 |
Diabetes | ||||||||||||
No | 1995 (92.0) | 2811 (92.2) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1109 (92.7) | 3697 (91.9) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 174 (8.0) | 239 (7.8) | 0.97 (0.80–1.20) | 0.806 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | 0.504 | 87 (7.3) | 326 (8.1) | 1.12 (0.88–1.44) | 0.351 | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | 0.427 |
Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||||||
No | 1801 (83.0) | 2604 (85.4) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 989 (82.7) | 3416 (84.9) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 368 (17.0) | 446 (14.6) | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | 0.022 | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.135 | 207(17.3) | 607 (15.1) | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 0.064 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.255 |
Alcohol (g/day) | ||||||||||||
0 (never-drinker) | 297 (13.7) | 442 (14.5) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 168 (14.0) | 571 (14.2) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
0 (past-drinker) | 45 (2.1) | 102 (3.3) | 1.52 (1.05–2.24) | 0.030 | 1.46 (0.97–2.21) | 0.071 | 24 (2.0) | 123 (3.1) | 1.51 (0.96–2.46) | 0.087 | 1.47(0.91–2.46) | 0.127 |
0–20 | 743 (34.3) | 898 (29.4) | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) | 0.021 | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 0.140 | 428 (35.8) | 1213 (30.2) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.081 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.317 |
20–40 | 464 (21.4) | 650 (21.3) | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 0.531 | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.789 | 265 (22.2) | 849 (21.1) | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.599 | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.797 |
40–60 | 287 (13.2) | 439 (14.4) | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 0.797 | 1.11 (0.88–1.38) | 0.378 | 158 (13.2) | 568 (14.1) | 1.06 (0.83–1.35) | 0.655 | 1.12 (0.87–1.46) | 0.376 |
60–80 | 186 (8.6) | 264 (8.7) | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.697 | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 0.814 | 83 (6.9) | 367 (9.1) | 1.30 (0.97–1.75) | 0.079 | 1.42 (1.05–1.94) | 0.026 |
≥ 80 | 147 (6.8) | 255 (8.4) | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | 0.231 | 1.28 (0.98–1.68) | 0.072 | 70 (5.9) | 332 (8.3) | 1.40 (1.03–1.91) | 0.035 | 1.55 (1.12–2.16) | 0.009 |
