Fig. 4
Effects of diagnostic ultrasound combined with microbubbles on inflammatory and angiogenic factors in rat wounds. (a) Bar graph of IL-1β levels at each time point. The USMB group showed significantly reduced IL-1β content (n = 6). (b) Bar graph of TNF-α levels at each time point. The USMB group exhibited markedly decreased TNF-α content (n = 6). (c) Bar graph of TGF-β levels at each time point. The USMB group demonstrated significantly increased TGF-β content (n = 6). (d) Bar graph of VEGF levels at each time point. The USMB group displayed substantially elevated VEGF content (n = 6). Data are represented as mean with 95% confidence interval. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was performed: **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; and ns, not significant (p > 0.05). US, ultrasound; USMB, ultrasound combined with microbubbles.
