Table 5 Lifestyle inflammation score components.

LIS component¹	Rationales for inclusion	General description	Weight
Heavy drinker	Heavy drinker (> 8 drinks/wk for men, > 4 drinks/wk for women)²	Oxidative stress from heavy alcohol consumption arises during metabolism of ethanol into acetaldehyde³²	0.30
Moderate drinker	Moderate drinker \(\:(\le\:\)8 drinks/wk for men, \(\:\le\:\)4 drinks/wk for women)²	Acetate, a metabolite of ethanol, acutely lowers proinflammatory free fatty acids; moderate alcohol consumption elevates adiponectin and inhibits interleukin-6 signaling³³	-0.66
Heavy physical activity³	IPAQ high-level criteria³⁴	Mechanisms similar to those below	-0.41
Moderate physical activity³	IPAQ moderate-level criteria³⁴	Physical activity enhances systemic antioxidant defenses, elevates anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces vascular inflammation³⁵	-0.18
Current smoker	Cigarettes, heated tobacco products, E-cigarettes	Toxins injure tissues, upregulating cytokines and acute-phase reactants³⁶	0.50
Overweight BMI⁴	23–24.9 kg/m²	Adipose tissue produces proinflammatory adipokines, such as PAI-1 and TNF-α³⁷	0.89
Obese BMI⁴	≥ 25 kg/m²	Mechanisms similar to those above	1.57

LIS, Lifestyle Inflammation Score; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
¹All lifestyle components were dummy variables, coded as “1” for the non-referent category and “0” for the referent category.
²1 drink = 14 g of alcohol: 350 mL of draft beer, 300 mL (1 bowl) of rice wine, 150 mL of wine, 94 mL (1/4 bottle) of 19% soju, or 45 mL (1 shot) of whisky³⁸
³When calculating the LIS using lifestyle behavior measurement instruments where “times physically active per week” could not be derived, the given variables (e.g., metabolic equivalents/wk) were ranked into quantiles, which were taken to construct dummy variables, and the respective weights were similarly applied.
⁴Because this study targeted Koreans, the Korean body mass index standard was used.

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