Table 2 Simulation hyperparameters for the proposed model.

From: HyperGraph-based capsule temporal memory network for efficient and explainable diabetic retinopathy detection in retinal imaging

S.No

Hyperparameter

Value/Description

1

Optimizer

Adam

2

Learning Rate

0.001

3

Weight Decay (L2 Regularization)

0.0005

4

Batch Size

32

5

Number of Epochs

50

6

Early Stopping Patience

10 epochs (monitored on validation loss)

7

Dropout Rate

0.3

8

Activation Function

ReLU

9

Number of Hypergraph Layers

3

10

Number of Capsule Layers

2

11

Routing Iterations (Capsule)

3

12

Memory State Dimension (TCMU)

128

13

Temporal Sequence Length (TCMU)

10

14

Attention Regularization Weight

0.1

15

Classification Loss Weight

1.0

16

Loss Function

Combined (Categorical Cross-Entropy + Attention Regularization)

17

Regularization Type

L2

18

Learning Rate Scheduler

Adaptive (ReduceLROnPlateau on validation loss)

19

Hardware Used

NVIDIA GPU with 8 GB VRAM (CUDA-accelerated)

20

Initialization Scheme

Xavier Normal Initialization