Table 2 Comparative summary of existing pharmaceutical traceability solutions.
System | Consensus | Identity | Offline Mode | Cost | Scalability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyperledger Fabric 25 | PBFT | Certificate-based | No | High | Medium |
Ethereum-based 31 | PoW/PoS | Wallet address | No | High | Medium |
BE-AC 26 | Dual-chain (Hybrid) | Public–Private Key | No | Medium | High |
IOTA DAG 39 | Tip-validation (Tangle) | Tokenized identity | Partial | Low | High |
Aadhaar–NFC 37 | Cloud lookup | Biometric/OTP | No | Low | Low |
Proposed DAG–NFC | Weighted DAG tips | Aadhaar-linked DID | Yes | Low | High |
