Table 5 Comparative evaluation of traceability architectures.

From: A DAG-enabled cryptographic framework for secure drug traceability with identity-bound authentication and anomaly detection

Method

Detect. Rate

Latency (ms)

Tamper Resist.

Trace. Score

DAG + NFC (Proposed)

0.95

85

High

0.92

QR Code-Based

0.80

120

Low

0.65

Centralized DB

0.75

150

Medium

0.58

Lite Blockchain

0.85

100

High

0.78

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