Fig. 4

Impact of Collateral Channel Wiring Time on CTO-PCI Outcomes. This figure highlights the impact of collateral channel wiring (CCW) time on the efficacy and safety outcomes in chronic total occlusion-percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO-PCI). Shorter CCW times (< 25 min) are associated with higher technical success (odds ratio 3.69, 95% CI 1.71–7.98) and procedural success (odds ratio 2.96, 95% CI 1.60–5.47). They are also associated with lower rates of collateral channel (CC) perforation (odds ratio 0.20, 95% CI 0.08–0.52) and periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) (odds ratio 0.24, 95% CI 0.04–0.95). The illustration shows coronary anatomy, including the aorta (Ao), right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending artery (LAD), and a collateral channel crossing a chronic total occlusion (CTO). The inset highlights a wire and microcatheter causing a perforation, underscoring the increased risks associated with longer CCW times. CCW, collateral channel wiring; CTO-PCI, chronic total occlusion-percutaneous coronary intervention; MI, myocardial infarction; CC, collateral channel; Ao, aorta; RCA, right coronary artery; LAD, left anterior descending artery.