Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes results.

From: Virtual link between mothers and infants to improve maternal c-section experience: a non-randomized controlled pilot trial

 

Alpha(a)

Distribution

Test(b)

Difference(c)

Effect size(d)

N

Intervention

Control

N

Central tendency(e)

N

Central tendency(e)

CEQ2 (1W)

Total score

0.79 [0.67, 0.85]

71

36

3.44 (0.22)

35

3.29 (0.3)

z = -2.07, p = 0.04

-0.18 [-0.37, -0.01]

0.25 [0.01, 0.46]

Own capacity

0.67 [0.51, 0.77]

71

36

3.05 (0.44)

35

2.83 (0.48)

F(1, 69) = 3.8, p = 0.06

0.21 [-0.01, 0.43]

0.05, [0, 1]

Perceived safety

0.79 [0.68, 0.86]

71

36

3.5 (0.17)

35

3.17 (0.5)

z = -2.61, p = 0.01

-0.33 [-0.67, -0.17]

0.31 [0.09, 0.51]

Professional support

0.72 [0.57, 0.82]

71

36

3.8 (0.6)

35

3.6 (0.4)

z = -0.89, p = 0.37

0 [-0.2, 0]

0.11 [0.14, 0.34]

Participation

0.64 [0.18, 0.81]

71

36

3.67 (0.08)

35

3.67 (0.5)

z = -0.84, p = 0.4

0 [-0.33, 0]

0.1 [0.14, 0.34]

BSS-R (1W)

Total score

0.72 [0.6, 0.8]

71

36

40.22 (5.5)

35

37.2 (5.84)

F(1, 69) = 5.04, p = 0.03

3.02 [0.34, 5.71]

0.07, [0, 1]

Stress experienced during labor

0.66 [0.5, 0.78]

71

36

16 (4)

35

13 (1)

z = -1.05, p = 0.29

-1 [-3, 1]

0.13 [0.11, 0.34]

Women’s personal attributes

0.51 [.024, 0.69]

71

36

7 (2)

35

5 (1)

z = -1.84, p = 0.07

-1 [-2, 0]

0.22 [0.02, 0.43]

Quality of care provision

0.51 [0.23, 0.66]

71

36

19 (1)

35

18 (1)

z = -2.19, p = 0.03

-1 [-2, 0]

0.26 [0.04, 0.46]

City BITS (1M)

Stressor Criterion

0.8 [0.62, .093]

64

32

0 (0)

32

0 (0)

z = -1.44, p = 0.15

0 [0, 0]

0.17 [-0.06, 0.38]

Re-experiencing symptoms

0.87 [0.72, 0.93]

64

32

1 (1)

32

1 (1)

z = -0.83, p = 0.41

0 [0, 1]

0.1 [-0.14, 0.32]

Avoidance symptoms

0.89 [0.46, 1]

64

32

0 (0)

32

0 (0)

z = -1.18, p = 0.24

0 [0, 0]

0.14 [-0.1, 0.33]

Negative cognitions and mood

0.73 [0.53, 0.82]

64

32

1 (1)

32

3 (2)

z = -1.92, p = 0.06

1 [0, 3]

0.23 [0, 0.44]

Hyperarousal

0.76 [0.55, 0.86]

64

32

3.5 (3.5)

32

4 (1.25)

z = -1.42, p = 0.16

1 [0, 3]

0.17 [-0.07, 0.38]

Distress and impairment

0.66 [0.27, 0.85]

56

25

0 (0)

31

0 (0)

z = -0.4, p = 0.69

0 [0, 0]

0.05 [0.18, 0.28]

PTSD with dissociative symptoms

0.74 [0.43, 0.89]

64

32

0 (0)

32

0 (0)

z = -0.07, p = 0.95

0 [0, 0]

0.01 [-0.21, 0.25]

PTSD symptoms

0.91 [0.78, 0.95]

64

32

5 (4)

32

9.5 (4.5)

z = -2.03, p = 0.04

3 [0, 6]

0.24 [0, 0.44]

Birth-related PTSD symptoms

0.91 [0.77, 0.94]

64

32

1 (1)

32

1.5 (1.5)

z = -1.23, p = 0.22

0 [0, 2]

0.15 [-0.1, 0.36]

General PTSD symptoms

0.83 [0.73, 0.89]

64

32

5 (5)

32

6 (2)

z = -1.51, p = 0.13

2 [0, 5]

0.18 [-0.07, 0.41]

HADS (1W)

Total score

0.82 [0.74, 0.86]

71

36

8 (2.25)

35

13 (5)

z = -2.63, p = 0.01

4 [1, 7]

0.31 [0.09, 0.52]

Anxiety

0.8 [0.69, 0.87]

71

36

5.5 (1.75)

35

6 (1)

z = -1.72, p = 0.09

2 [0, 3]

0.2 [-0.02, 0.42]

Depression

0.71 [0.58, 0.8]

71

36

3 (2)

35

6 (3)

z = -2.49, p = 0.01

2 [0, 3]

0.3 [0.08, 0.5]

HADS (1M)

Total score

0.81 [0.69, 0.87]

64

32

9.5 (2.75)

32

11 (1.25)

z = -1.53, p = 0.13

2 [-1, 4]

0.18 [-0.05, 0.4]

Anxiety

0.69 [0.53, 0.79]

64

32

6 (2)

32

7 (2)

z = -2, p = 0.05

2 [0, 3]

0.24 [0.01, 0.46]

Depression

0.77 [0.63, 0.85]

64

32

4 (2)

32

4 (2)

z = -0.07, p = 0.94

0 [-2, 2]

0.01 [-0.2, 0.23]

MIBS (1W)

Total score

0.26 [0.14, 0.49]

71

36

1 (1)

35

1 (1)

z = -0.45, p = 0.65

0 [0, 1]

0.05 [-0.16, 0.29]

  1. Note: 1  W: one week follow-up; 1 M: one month follow-up; CEQ-2: Childbirth experience questionnaire 2 ; MIBS: Mother-to-infant bonding scale ; HADS: Hospital anxiety and depression scale; BSS-R: Birth satisfaction scale revised; City BiTS: City birth trauma scale.
  2. (a) Internal consistency measured as Cronbach’s alpha: the internal consistency was considered as poor when α < 0.50, questionable when 50 ≤ α < 0.60, acceptable when 60 ≤ α < 0.80, good when 80 ≤ α < 0.90 and excellent when α ≥ 0.90. .
  3. (b) Mann-Whitney test (z score) for non-normally distributed score, one-way ANOVA (F test) otherwise.
  4. (c) Difference of group means when the score was normally distributed, median of the difference between groups otherwise.
  5. (d) Effect size expressed as eta-squared when the score was normally distributed and considered small when 0.01 ≤ η2 < 0.06, medium when 0.06 ≤ η2 < 0.14, and large when η2 ≥ 0.14), and expressed as r otherwise and considered small when r < 0.3, medium when 0.3 ≤ r < 0.5 and large when r ≥ 0.5.
  6. (e) The central tendency was expressed as the mean (standard deviation) when the score was normally distributed, and as median (inter-quartile range) otherwise.
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