Fig. 2

Schematic cumulative germination curves illustrating differences in germination dynamics between representative resistance groups of Alopecurus myosuroides (Alo) and Apera spica-venti (Ape) under controlled conditions. Curves reflect relative germination rates and cumulative germination percentages consistent with the observed AUC rankings in the experiment (higher AUC → faster or more complete germination). Nonlinear regression using a three-parameter log-logistic model (LL.3) was implemented in the drc package. The AUC (area under the curve) integrates both the speed and extent of germination over time, allowing comparison between resistant and susceptible groups. Abbreviations: M – multiple resistant, Sg – single resistant, S – susceptible, 1,2,3,5 – refer to HRAC/WSSA groups of herbicides.