Table 3 5-Fold cross-validation results (Mean ± Std).

From: Optimized ANN–RF hybrid model with optuna for fault detection and classification in power transmission systems

Model

Accuracy

Precision

Recall

F1 Score

ROC-AUC

kNN

97.2 ± 0.4

97.1 ± 0.5

96.8 ± 0.6

96.9 ± 0.5

0.974 ± 0.006

RF

99.1 ± 0.3

99.2 ± 0.2

99.0 ± 0.3

99.1 ± 0.2

0.992 ± 0.004

GBC

99.3 ± 0.2

99.4 ± 0.2

99.3 ± 0.2

99.3 ± 0.2

0.993 ± 0.002

Proposed (ANN → RF)

99.9 ± 0.05

99.9 ± 0.05

99.8 ± 0.06

99.8 ± 0.05

0.999 ± 0.001

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