Table 4 Robustness metrics under noise and sensor drift.

From: Optimized ANN–RF hybrid model with optuna for fault detection and classification in power transmission systems

Condition

Accuracy (%)

Precision (%)

Recall (%)

F1-score (%)

Baseline (0%)

99.9

99.8

99.7

99.6

Gaussian noise (5%)

98.5

98.3

98.4

98.3

Gaussian noise (10%)

97.2

97.0

97.1

97.0

Sensor drift (± 2%)

98.8

98.6

98.7

98.6

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