Table 5 Class-wise precision, recall, and F1-Score for proposed model.

From: Optimized ANN–RF hybrid model with optuna for fault detection and classification in power transmission systems

Fault type

Precision (%)

Recall (%)

F1-Score (%)

No fault

99.9

99.8

99.9

LG

99.8

99.9

99.8

LL

99.9

99.8

99.9

LLG

99.8

99.9

99.8

LLL

99.9

99.8

99.9

LLLG

99.5

99.6

99.5

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