Table 7 Comparison of proposed model with recent studies.
Study | Model | Accuracy (%) | Precision (%) | Recall (%) | Test system and fault conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SVM | 90 | 88 | 92 | 33 kV distribution system; LG, LL faults | |
CNN | 95 | 94 | 96 | IEEE 13-node test feeder; LG, LL, LLL faults | |
LSTM | 92 | 90 | 91 | Microgrid; LG, LLG faults | |
ANN | 93 | 91 | 92 | Transmission system; LG, LL faults | |
Decision tree | 85 | 82 | 88 | Distribution system; LG faults | |
Random forest | 91 | 89 | 90 | High-voltage transmission system; LG, LL, LLG faults | |
k-NN | 88 | 86 | 89 | Transmission system; LG, LL faults | |
AdaBoost | 90 | 88 | 91 | PV array system; LG, LLG faults | |
Gradient boosting | 94 | 92 | 93 | IEEE feeder; LG, LL, LLG faults | |
Transfer learning | 89 | 87 | 90 | Microgrid; LG, LL faults | |
Proposed model | Hybrid ANN-RFC with optuna | 99.9 | 99.8 | 99.7 | 11 kV multi-generator system; No Fault, LG, LL, LLG, LLL, LLLG faults |
