Table 1 Basic information of first-tier cities in 2023.

From: An XGBoost-SHAP analysis of the driving factors of carbon emissions in China’s first-tier cities

City

GDP per capita (CNY)

Population size (10,000 people)

Industrial structure (%)

Beijing

200,278

1431

14.9

Tianjin

122,752

1364

35.7

Shanghai

190,300

2487

24.6

Nanjing

183,015

955

34.0

Wuxi

206,278

750

47.7

Suzhou

190,605

1296

46.8

Hangzhou

161,129

1252

28.3

Ningbo

170,363

970

45.8

Qingdao

152,174

1037

33.4

Zhengzhou

105,416

1301

39.4

Wuhan

145,471

1377

34.0

Changsha

136,927

1051

37.4

Guangzhou

161,634

1883

25.6

Shenzhen

195,230

1779

37.6

Chongqing

94,135

3191

38.8

Chengdu

103,465

2140

28.9

Xi’an

92,128

1308

34.5

Dongguan

109,339

308

56.6

Hefei

130,074

985

36.6