Table 4 City classification based on K-means clustering.

From: An XGBoost-SHAP analysis of the driving factors of carbon emissions in China’s first-tier cities

Type of city

City

Category Ⅰ

Ningbo

Category Ⅱ

Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, and Chongqing. Among these, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Chongqing

Category Ⅲ

Wuxi, Hangzhou, Qingdao, Zhengzhou, Changsha, Chengdu, Xi’an, Hefei

Category Ⅳ

Beijing

Category Ⅴ

Shenzhen, Dongguan