Fig. 3

Within-group and between-group changes in cytotoxic activity of FW and markers of global and specific peroxidation measured in FW (TBARS, 4-HNE, heme iron) or in urine (DHN-MA and isoprostanes) after 12 weeks on each diet. Estimated marginal means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) derived from mixed-effects linear models adjusted for age, sex, and baseline BMI, including a diet × time interaction term and a random intercept for participant. Reported p-values refer to between-group (difference-in-change) contrasts and were corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) procedure. Asterisks (*) indicate significant within-group (pre–post) changes at p < 0.05. MBD denotes meat-based diet, MBD-T meat-based diet supplemented with α-tocopherol, PVD pesco-vegetarian diet, TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 4-HNE 4-Hydroxynonenal, DHN-MA dihydroxynonane mercapturic acid.