Table 2 Summary of volume differences between the osteoarthritis and reference models.

From: Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging-based registration techniques and statistical shape analysis for knee osteoarthritis

 

Total

Grade 2

Grade 3

Grade 4

P-value

Fiducial registration

 Similarity type

16.0 ± 9.0

11.6 ± 2.5

13.9 ± 3.8

25.5 ± 12.5

< 0.001*

(+ 10.7 ± 9.0)

(+ 6.2 ± 2.8)

(+ 7.9 ± 4.0)

(+ 21.4 ± 11.1)

(< 0.001**)

(− 5.2 ± 3.3)

(− 5.4 ± 3.0)

(− 6.0 ± 3.7)

(− 4.0 ± 3.0)

(0.095)

 Warping type

15.7 ± 7.4

10.4 ± 1.8

15.4 ± 3.0

24.3 ± 8.8

< 0.001*

(+ 9.4 ± 7.1)

(+ 5.2 ± 1.1)

(+ 7.1 ± 2.9)

(+ 18.7 ± 7.8)

(< 0.001*)

(− 7.0 ± 5.3)

(− 6.9 ± 7.4)

(− 8.2 ± 2.6)

(− 5.6 ± 3.2)

(0.004***)

ALPACA registration

 Rigid type

14.7 ± 7.1

12.3 ± 4.9

12.8 ± 3.7

20.9 ± 9.2

< 0.001**

(+ 9.3 ± 7.1)

(+ 6.3 ± 5.2)

(+ 7.6 ± 3.8)

(+ 16.2 ± 8.3)

(< 0.001**)

(− 5.4 ± 3.9)

(− 6.0 ± 4.2)

(− 5.2 ± 3.4)

(− 4.7 ± 3.9)

(0.634)

 Deformable type

4.5 ± 2.0

3.4 ± 0.9

4.1 ± 0.8

6.8 ± 2.6

< 0.001*

(+ 2.4 ± 1.2)

(+ 1.7 ± 0.5)

(+ 2.1 ± 0.4)

(+ 3.6 ± 1.5)

(< 0.001*)

(− 2.1 ± 0.9)

(− 1.7 ± 0.5)

(− 2.0 ± 0.4)

(− 3.1 ± 1.1)

(< 0.001*)

  1. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. A multigroup comparison between Kellgren and Lawrence (K–L) grades 2, 3, and 4 was performed using post hoc Kruskal–Wallis and Conover tests for pairwise multiple comparisons. ALPACA, automated landmarking through point-cloud alignment and correspondence analysis.
  2. * Statistically significant differences were observed among all K–L grades.
  3. ** Statistically significant difference observed between all K–L grades except between the grades 2 and 3.
  4. *** Statistically significant difference observed between all K–L grades except between the grades 2 and 4.
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