Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes at baseline and follow-up and change from baseline to 16 weeks-intervention.

From: The effect of school-based functional training for physical fitness and postural health among children: a school-based cluster intervention trial

Outcome

Group

Within Group

Between Group

Baseline

Follow-Up

Cohen’s d/RR 95% CI

P Value

Between Group Δ

Cohen’s d/RR 95% CI

P Value

PFI, mean ± SD

 

Control Group

-1.53 ± 2.89

1.12 ± 2.16

1.03 [0.93, 1.13]

< 0.001

0.77 [0.48, 1.05]

0.28 [0.19, 0.37]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

-1.47 ± 2.51

1.94 ± 2.95

1.25 [1.14, 1.35]

< 0.001

   

Sit-ups, mean ± SD

 

Control Group

36.26 ± 9.26

43.23 ± 7.23

0.84 [0.75, 0.93]

< 0.001

3.89 [2.88, 4.91]

0.43 [0.35, 0.52]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

35.11 ± 8.67

45.98 ± 9.73

1.18 [1.08, 1.28]

< 0.001

   

Rope-skipping, mean ± SD

 

Control Group

162.36 ± 28.79

169.86 ± 21.72

0.29 [0.20, 0.38]

< 0.001

4.63 [1.23, 8.03]

0.17 [0.08, 0.26]

0.008

Intervention Group

165.76 ± 26.01

177.88 ± 31.72

0.42 [0.33, 0.51]

< 0.001

   

50-m dash, mean ± SD, s

 

Control Group

10.22 ± 0.94

9.02 ± 0.74

-1.41 [-1.52, -1.31]

< 0.001

0.15 [0.03, 0.28]

0.18 [0.09, 0.26]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

10.10 ± 0.82

9.06 ± 1.48

-0.88 [-0.98, -0.79]

< 0.001

   

Sit-and-reach, mean ± SD, cm

 

Control Group

12.92 ± 5.44

14.78 ± 4.29

0.38 [0.29, 0.47]

< 0.001

1.78 [1.25, 2.31]

0.33 [0.24, 0.41]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

12.78 ± 5.54

16.42 ± 6.10

0.62 [0.52, 0.72]

< 0.001

   

Forced vital capacity, mean ± SD, ml

 

Control Group

1897.11 ± 365.59

2027.04 ± 443.80

0.32 [0.22, 0.41]

< 0.001

6.71 [-39.03, 43.56]

0.02 [-0.07, 0.11]

0.725

Intervention Group

1890.02 ± 374.23

2070.66 ± 474.15

0.32 [0.23, 0.41]

< 0.001

   

BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2

 

Control Group

19.51 ± 4.32

19.70 ± 4.39

0.04 [-0.05, 0.13]

< 0.001

-0.30 [-0.44,-0.17]

-0.07 [-0.16, 0.02]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

19.28 ± 3.99

19.17 ± 4.00

-0.03 [-0.12, 0.06]

0.028

   

Uneven shoulder, n [%]

 

Control Group

222 [32.4]

337 [49.2]

1.52 [1.34, 1.72]

< 0.001

-23.3

0.51 [0.42, 0.65]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

189 [31.5]

150 [25.0]

0.79 [0.66, 0.95]

0.013

   

Forward head posture n [%]

 

Control Group

296 [43.2]

273 [39.9]

0.92 [0.83, 1.02]

0.117

-12.6

0.65 [0.54, 0.78]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

237 [39.4]

141 [23.5]

0.59 [0.51, 0.70]

< 0.001

   

MPA, mean ± SD, min

 

Control Group

41.81 ± 42.10

46.72 ± 43.83

0.11 [0.01, 0.21]

0.003

17.25 [10.79, 23.72]

0.43 [0.27, 0.59]

0.003

Intervention Group

35.21 ± 37.14

57.37 ± 46.79

0.53 [0.41, 0.65]

< 0.001

   

VPA, mean ± SD, min

 

Control Group

43.89 ± 46.78

69.26 ± 59.75

0.47 [0.37, 0.57]

0.017

17.37 [9.54, 25.20]

0.39 [0.21, 0.57]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

37.79 ± 42.39

80.53 ± 59.85

0.82 [0.71, 0.94]

< 0.001

   

MVPA, mean ± SD, min

 

Control Group

85.71 ± 77.12

137.89 ± 97.70

0.36 [0.26, 0.46]

< 0.001

34.62 [22.04, 47.20]

0.47 [0.35, 0.59]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

73.00 ± 67.31

155.98 ± 91.81

0.78 [0.66, 0.90]

< 0.001

   

MVPA < 60 min/d, n [%]

 

Control Group

359 [52.4]

305 [44.5]

0.85 [0.76, 0.95]

0.003

14.4

0.72 [0.61, 0.85]

< 0.001

Intervention Group

347 [57.7]

213 [35.4]

0.61 [0.54, 0.69]

< 0.001

   
  1. Data are mean ± SD or n [%]; Δ means pre-to-post difference; RR stands for risk ratio; CI stands for confidence interval; PFI stands for physical fitness indicators; BMI stands for body mass index; MPA stands for moderate physical activity; VPA stands for vigorous physical activity; MVPA stands for moderate to vigorous physical activity.
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