Fig. 10

Field survey based mean NDVI, TGSI, NDSI, and LST buffer points of the study area. The buffer points were selected based on DN reflectance similarity ranges for each index and validated through field observations. The spatial point data were extracted and processed in ArcGIS 10.8 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/overview) using multi-temporal Landsat datasets downloaded from the USGS Earth Explorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/).