Fig. 6

(a) NDSI of the Study Area in 1990; (b) NDSI of the Study Area in 2000; (c) NDSI of the Study Area in 2010; (d) NDSI of the Study Area in 2020; (e) Reclassified NDSI in 1990; (f) Reclassified NDSI in 2000; (g) Reclassified NDSI in 2010; (h) Reclassified NDSI in 2020 (All maps were generated from multi-temporal Landsat datasets downloaded from the USGS Earth Explorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) and processed in ArcGIS 10.8 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/overview) to derive NDSI and its reclassified classes).