Fig. 2

Neuronal recruitment in the hippocampus by sleep oscillations. (A) Heatmaps show normalized firing rates of individual neurons in dorsal (CA1d, left) and ventral (CA1v, right) hippocampus, aligned to the onset (t = 0 ms) of CA1d ripples. Each row represents the average activity of a single neuron, sorted by response latency, with color indicating firing rate (z-score). (B) Z-scored mean firing rates of CA1d (orange) and CA1v (teal) neurons aligned to the onset of PFC (top) and RSC (bottom) slow oscillations (SOs). (C) Normalized firing rates aligned to the onset of PFC (top) and RSC (bottom) spindles. (D) Normalized firing rates aligned to the onset of CA1d ripples (top) and CA1v ripples ( bottom). In all panels, shaded areas represent the standard error of the mean. Dashed vertical lines indicate event onset (t = 0). Asterisks indicate the time bins in which the two traces differ significantly (Wilcoxon signed-rank test across sessions and animals at each bin). P values were corrected for multiple comparisons across all bins using the Benjamini–Hochberg FDR procedure. Animals recorded in CA1d (n = 18), CA1v (n = 13), RSC (n = 19), and PFC (n = 20).