Fig. 5

Ripple type modulation of ripple-triggered spiking across hippocampal–cortical networks. Mean z-scored firing rates of CA1d, CA1v, RSC, and PFC neurons time-locked to CA1d ripple onset (A) or to CA1v ripple onset (B). In all panels, black traces show independent ripples (event confined to the triggering pole, with no near-simultaneous ripple in the opposite pole), and red traces show coordinated ripples (near-simultaneous dorsal–ventral co-occurrence). Shaded bands indicate the SEM; the dashed vertical line marks ripple onset (t = 0 ms). Asterisks denote time bins with significant differences between conditions (paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test across sessions; Benjamini–Hochberg FDR correction across bins for each trace pair). Animals recorded: CA1d (n = 18), CA1v (n = 13), RSC (n = 19), PFC (n = 20).