Table 5 Sensitivity Analysis of Key Parameters on Configuration A and B Performance.

From: Synergizing building-integrated photovoltaic with ground-air and water-air heat exchangers for solar-powered gym cooling

Parameter Varied

Variation

Impact on outlet air temp.

Impact on total energy output

Key Physical Mechanism

Air Mass Flow Rate

 + 0.5 kg/s

Increases + 2.5 °C

Decreases −6 kWh

Higher velocity reduces fluid residence time, decreasing heat exchanger effectiveness and heat transfer per unit mass

Water Mass Flow Rate

 + 0.2 kg/s

Negligible Change

Slight Increase + 1 kWh

Higher flow maintains a colder water temperature, slightly improving the WAHE’s LMTD and heat transfer capacity

Soil Temperature

 + 2.0 °C

Increases + 1.0 °C

Decreases −8 kWh

Reduces the temperature driving force (ΔT) for the EAHE, directly lowering its heat rejection capacity

Well Water Temp.

 + 2.0 °C

Increases + 1.5 °C

Decreases −10 kWh

Significantly reduces the LMTD in the high-capacity WAHE, which is the primary driver for the system’s total energy recovery

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