Table 1 Characteristics of participants with DED and non-DED.
Variables | Overall (n = 1,250) | DED (n = 776) | Non-DED (n = 474) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age; year (mean age ± SD) | 39.92 ± 11.04 | 39.38 ± 11.25 | 38.16 ± 10.67 | 0.057 |
Gender; n (%) | ||||
Female | 987 (79.0) | 654 (84.3) | 333 (70.3) | < 0.001* |
Male | 263 (21.0) | 122 (15.7) | 141 (29.7) | |
Occupation; n (%) | ||||
Administrative personnel | 456 (36.5) | 256 (33.0) | 200 (42.2) | < 0.001* |
Nurse | 344 (27.5) | 247 (31.8) | 97 (20.5) | |
Researcher or research personnel | 292 (23.4) | 171 (22.1) | 121 (25.5) | |
Physician | 85 (6.8) | 53 (6.8) | 32 (6.8) | |
Physician assistant/ nursing assistant | 37 (3.0) | 27 (3.5) | 10 (2.1) | |
Pre-clinic instructor | 11 (0.9) | 9 (1.2) | 2 (0.4) | |
Missing data | 25 (2.0) | 13 (1.7) | 12 (2.5) | |
Underlying systemic diseases; n (%) | ||||
Atopic diseases | 215 (17.2) | 172 (22.2) | 43 (9.1) | < 0.001* |
Dyslipidemia | 153 (12.2) | 112 (14.4) | 41 (8.6) | 0.002* |
Hypertension | 128 (10.2) | 87 (11.2) | 41 (8.6) | 0.147 |
Diabetes mellitus | 34 (2.7) | 19 (2.4) | 15 (3.2) | 0.450 |
Neurological diseases | 7 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 0.609 |
Underlying eye diseases; n (%) | ||||
Preexisting dry eye | 255 (20.4) | 230 (29.6) | 25 (5.3) | < 0.001* |
Allergic conjunctivitis | 52 (4.2) | 47 (6.1) | 5 (1.1) | < 0.001* |
Pinguecula or pterygium | 42 (3.4) | 34 (4.4) | 8 (1.7) | 0.010* |
Refractive error and main types of correction; n (%) | 805 (64.4) | 578 (74.5) | 227 (47.9) | < 0.001* |
No correction | 93 (7.4) | 70 (9.0) | 23 (4.9) | |
Glasses | 650 (52.0) | 470 (60.6) | 180 (38) | |
Contact lenses | 155 (12.4) | 115 (14.8) | 40 (8.4) | |
Laser vision correction | 33 (2.6) | 25 (3.2) | 8 (1.7) | |
Previous eyelid surgery; n (%) | 58 (4.6) | 40 (5.2) | 18 (3.8) | 0.272 |
Periocular botulinum toxin injection; n (%) | 84 (6.7) | 57 (7.3) | 27 (5.7) | 0.263 |
Device use time/day; hours (median, IQR) | ||||
Total | 8 (5, 10) | 8 (5, 10) | 8 (5, 12) | 0.002* |
For work | 6 (3, 8) | 5 (2, 8) | 6 (4, 8) | < 0.001* |
Most common type of device used; n (%) | ||||
Mobile phone | 746 (59.7) | 431 (55.5) | 315 (66.5) | < 0.001* |
Computer/Tablet | 490 (39.2) | 339(43.7) | 151 (31.8) | |
Television | 14 (1.1) | 6 (0.8) | 8 (1.7) | |
Sleep time per night; hours (mean ± SD) | 6.47 ± 1.03 | 6.40 ± 1.00 | 6.57 ± 1.07 | 0.007* |
Mask wearing time per day; hours (mean ± SD) | 9.41 ± 2.99 | 9.55 ± 3.00 | 9.19 ± 2.96 | 0.045* |
Mask types; n (%) | ||||
Surgical mask/ fabric mask | 939 (75.1) | 565 (72.8) | 374 (78.9) | 0.106 |
N95 mask | 76 (6.1) | 53 (6.8) | 23 (4.9) | |
Double masking (any types of masks) | 235 (18.8) | 158 (20.4) | 77 (16.2) | |
Frequency of artificial tears use; n (%) | ||||
Every day | 111 (8.9) | 97 (12.5) | 14 (2.9) | < 0.001* |
Occasional (not every day) | 385 (30.8) | 304 (39.2) | 81(17.1) | |
Never | 754 (60.3) | 375 (48.3) | 379 (80) |
