Fig. 7
From: Effect of waveguide wall roughness on quantum signal transmission

Investigation of the effect of roughness amplitude in mode coupling. (a) The sinusoidal core-cladding interface with a maximum roughness of 5 nm (b) illustrates the probability of amplitude alteration due to imperfection coupling, as shown in (a). The coupling length is 330 μm (c), the sinusoidal core-cladding interface with the maximum roughness of 15 nm (d), and probability amplitudes alteration due to coupling for imperfection depicted in (c). The coupling length is 113 μm.