Fig. 8

Rescue and blocking experiments in vitro demonstrated that Clostridium leptum (CL) suppresses airway inflammation through tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs). (A,B) The proportion of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs; CD11c⁺CD80⁻CD86⁻) in lung tissue was determined by flow cytometry Data are means ± standard deviation (SD). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001).