Fig. 1

CONSORT flow diagram. The Control group comprised patients who received the connecting circuit but not electrical stimulation, thereby serving as a placebo. The TTNS group consisted of patients who received 30 min of TTNS stimulation.

CONSORT flow diagram. The Control group comprised patients who received the connecting circuit but not electrical stimulation, thereby serving as a placebo. The TTNS group consisted of patients who received 30 min of TTNS stimulation.