Fig. 1

Study overview: digital twins of contralateral and operated ovine bones were created using (a) two methods for manual (software-assisted) model creation, and (b) two methods for automated model creation. (c) All models were subjected to virtual torsion testing. (d) The resulting torsional rigidities were compared to assess differences arising from: model creation workflows and tissue material properties models. Computational models were generated with different mesh types and further validated by comparison to experiments.