Table 9 Comparative baseline performance for Greedy (G) and Greedy+Fallback (G+F) at \(\varvec{\alpha =0.6}\). The table summarizes key discovery metrics—success rate (SR), average hops, visited nodes, and latency (in milliseconds)—across five benchmark datasets. The Greedy+Fallback variant consistently outperforms the standard Greedy approach, yielding 3–5% higher success rates while slightly reducing traversal depth and visited nodes. Latency differences remain marginal (typically \(<3\)%), confirming that the fallback mechanism enhances reliability and coverage without introducing measurable computational overhead. These results substantiate the dual-control design’s ability to improve robustness and maintain real-time performance across heterogeneous SIoT networks.

From: Trust and class aware service discovery with dual control in the social Internet of Things