Fig. 5

Path diagrams illustrating the mediating effect of sepsis on the association between glycemic variability and mortality. Glycemic variability was quantified as the log-transformed coefficient of variation (log(CV)). Panel (A) shows the model for 30-day mortality, and Panel (B) shows the model for 1-year mortality. All effects are presented as Hazard Ratios (HRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P-values, derived from the multivariable-adjusted Cox mediation model.