Table 1 Baseline characteristics of critically ill trauma patients according to quartile of glycemic variability.
Variables | Overall (n = 4009) | Q1 (n = 1005) | Q2 (n = 1001) | Q3 (n = 1001) | Q4 (n = 1002) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Age, years | 61.84 ± 21.75 | 58.16 ± 22.76 | 60.52 ± 22.24 | 63.11 ± 21.18 | 65.59 ± 20.02 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 2529 (63.08%) | 661 (65.77%) | 671 (67.03%) | 611 (61.04%) | 586 (58.48%) | < 0.001 |
Injury profile & severity | ||||||
ISS | 16 (9–25) | 16 (9–25) | 16 (10–25) | 16 (9–25) | 16 (9–25) | 0.020 |
GCS | 14 (13–15) | 14 (13–15) | 14 (13–15) | 14 (13–15) | 15 (13–15) | 0.110 |
TBI, n (%) | 2409 (60.09%) | 612 (60.90%) | 624 (62.34%) | 612 (61.14%) | 561 (55.99%) | 0.020 |
Chest trauma, n (%) | 1613 (40.23%) | 393 (39.10%) | 432 (43.16%) | 384 (38.36%) | 404 (40.32%) | 0.136 |
Abdominal trauma, n (%) | 844 (21.05%) | 232 (23.08%) | 208 (20.78%) | 190 (18.98%) | 214 (21.36%) | 0.159 |
Spinal trauma, n (%) | 1304 (32.53%) | 322 (32.04%) | 315 (31.47%) | 330 (32.97%) | 337 (33.63%) | 0.737 |
Extremity trauma, n (%) | 1423 (35.50%) | 347 (34.53%) | 383 (38.26%) | 330 (32.97%) | 363 (36.23%) | 0.079 |
Multiple trauma, n (%) | 1388 (34.62%) | 355 (35.32%) | 370 (36.96%) | 324 (32.37%) | 339 (33.83%) | 0.160 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Diabetes, n (%) | 786 (19.61%) | 81 (8.06%) | 145 (14.49%) | 183 (18.28%) | 377 (37.62%) | < 0.001 |
Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 280 (6.98%) | 49 (4.88%) | 62 (6.19%) | 67 (6.69%) | 102 (10.18%) | < 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 535 (13.34%) | 95 (9.45%) | 114 (11.39%) | 142 (14.19%) | 184 (18.36%) | < 0.001 |
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 364 (9.08%) | 56 (5.57%) | 93 (9.29%) | 111 (11.09%) | 104 (10.38%) | < 0.001 |
Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 611 (15.24%) | 136 (13.53%) | 161 (16.08%) | 136 (13.59%) | 178 (17.76%) | 0.020 |
Renal disease, n (%) | 408 (10.18%) | 55 (5.47%) | 81 (8.09%) | 94 (9.39%) | 178 (17.76%) | < 0.001 |
Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | 122 (3.04%) | 25 (2.49%) | 24 (2.40%) | 37 (3.70%) | 36 (3.59%) | 0.176 |
Malignant cancer, n (%) | 142 (3.54%) | 31 (3.08%) | 39 (3.90%) | 32 (3.20%) | 40 (3.99%) | 0.588 |
Treatments | ||||||
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 3365 (83.94%) | 783 (77.91%) | 874 (87.31%) | 862 (86.11%) | 846 (84.43%) | < 0.001 |
Vasoactive drugs, n (%) | 956 (23.85%) | 115 (11.44%) | 240 (23.98%) | 284 (28.37%) | 317 (31.64%) | < 0.001 |
Corticosteroid use, n (%) | 1152 (28.74%) | 178 (17.71%) | 297 (29.67%) | 332 (33.17%) | 345 (34.43%) | < 0.001 |
Insulin therapy, n (%) | 1226 (30.58%) | 197 (19.60%) | 306 (30.57%) | 349 (34.87%) | 374 (37.33%) | < 0.001 |
Emergency surgery, n (%) | 2602 (64.90%) | 597 (59.40%) | 670 (66.93%) | 659 (65.83%) | 676 (67.47%) | < 0.001 |
Blood transfusion, n (%) | 1334 (33.28%) | 230 (22.89%) | 336 (33.57%) | 372 (37.16%) | 396 (39.52%) | < 0.001 |
Complications | ||||||
Sepsis, n (%) | 1834 (45.75%) | 295 (29.35%) | 511 (51.05%) | 501 (50.05%) | 527 (52.59%) | < 0.001 |
AKI, n (%) | 2928 (73.04%) | 613 (61.00%) | 753 (75.22%) | 771 (77.02%) | 791 (78.94%) | < 0.001 |
Pneumonia, n (%) | 377 (9.40%) | 57 (5.67%) | 111 (11.09%) | 113 (11.29%) | 96 (9.58%) | < 0.001 |
Glycemic indices | ||||||
Admission glucose, mg/dL | 132 (110–164) | 121 (106–138) | 131 (112–156) | 137 (111–169) | 155 (113–219) | < 0.001 |
Mean glucose, mg/dL | 128.1 (113.8–148.1) | 118.3 (105.1–131.5) | 127.3 (114.8–143.5) | 130.8 (116.3–148.1) | 143.0 (122.0–174.5) | < 0.001 |
Glucose sampling, /day | 3.85 (2.71–4.71) | 3.00 (2.04–3.97) | 3.85 (2.78–4.55) | 4.00 (3.07–4.71) | 4.49 (3.37–5.86) | < 0.001 |
Outcomes | ||||||
30-day mortality, n (%) | 616 (15.37%) | 97 (9.65%) | 128 (12.79%) | 163 (16.28%) | 228 (22.75%) | < 0.001 |
1-year mortality, n (%) | 937 (23.37%) | 161 (16.02%) | 202 (20.18%) | 259 (25.87%) | 315 (31.44%) | < 0.001 |
