Table 2 The associations of glycemic variability with all-cause mortality in critically ill trauma patients.

From: Association of glycemic variability with short- and long-term mortality in critically ill patients with trauma

Outcome

Variable

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

30-day mortality

Per unit increase in log(CV)

2.07 (1.77–2.43)

< 0.001

1.93 (1.64–2.27)

< 0.001

1.63 (1.36–1.96)

< 0.001

1.50 (1.24–1.83)

< 0.001

 

Q1 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 
 

Q2

1.34 (1.03–1.74)

0.032

1.27 (0.97–1.65)

0.077

1.02 (0.78–1.34)

0.864

0.80 (0.61–1.05)

0.108

 

Q3

1.74 (1.35–2.24)

< 0.001

1.50 (1.17–1.93)

0.002

1.15 (0.89–1.49)

0.288

0.91 (0.69–1.18)

0.463

 

Q4

2.55 (2.01–3.23)

< 0.001

2.17 (1.71–2.75)

< 0.001

1.60 (1.24–2.07)

< 0.001

1.34 (1.03–1.75)

0.029

 

P for trend

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.002

1-year mortality

Per unit increase in log(CV)

1.79 (1.57–2.03)

< 0.001

1.59 (1.40–1.81)

< 0.001

1.39 (1.21–1.60)

< 0.001

1.29 (1.11–1.49)

< 0.001

 

Q1 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 
 

Q2

1.28 (1.04–1.58)

0.018

1.21 (0.99–1.49)

0.067

1.04 (0.85–1.29)

0.698

0.88 (0.71–1.09)

0.254

 

Q3

1.71 (1.40–2.08)

< 0.001

1.47 (1.20–1.79)

< 0.001

1.23 (1.01–1.51)

0.042

1.01 (0.82–1.24)

0.915

 

Q4

2.19 (1.81–2.65)

< 0.001

1.79 (1.48–2.17)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.18–1.76)

< 0.001

1.26 (1.03–1.55)

0.028

 

P for trend

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.004

  1. CV: coefficient of variation (glycemic variability). HR: hazard ratio. CI: confidence interval.
  2. Model 1: Crude.
  3. Model 2: Adjusted for gender, age, race.
  4. Model 3: Model 2 + vital signs (heart rate, SBP, respiratory rate, body temperature, SpO2), laboratory tests (hemoglobin, WBC, platelets, creatinine, BUN, sodium, potassium, calcium), comorbidities (diabetes, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, renal disease, liver cirrhosis, malignant cancer).
  5. Model 4: Model 3 + GCS score, trauma variables (ISS score, TBI, chest/abdominal/spinal/extremity/multiple trauma, trauma mechanism), treatments (mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, insulin, corticosteroid use, emergency surgery, blood transfusion), complications (sepsis, AKI, pneumonia).
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