Fig. 5

Electrochemical performance of Cu98.3Ni1.7 catalysts. (A) Choronoamperometry (CA) experiments at − 0.6, − 0.7, − 0.8 and − 0.9 V vs. RHE. All CA experimental were conducted in a 20 mM HMF solution at different potentials for 30 min in presence of continueous N2 bubbling as carrier gas for in-situ gasseus products analysis. (B) corresponding NMR analysis of the catholyte collected at different potentials, and (C) Ratio of A2 (associated to BHMF) to A (associated to HMF) NMR peaks for Cu98.3Ni1.7 sample.