Table 1 Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients stratified by RAR in the MIMIC-IV cohort.

Age, M (Q₁, Q₃)

72.00 (61.00, 81.00)

71.00 (59.00, 81.00)

72.50 (62.00, 81.00)

0.387

Gender, n (%)

 Male

443 (57.61)

222 (57.07)

221 (58.16)

0.760

 Female

326 (42.39)

167 (42.93)

159 (41.84)

Weight, M (Q₁, Q₃)

77.00 (65.00, 90.50)

77.40 (65.50, 90.90)

76.15 (64.33, 90.00)

0.413

Race, n (%)

 White

587 (76.33)

301 (77.38)

286 (75.26)

0.742

 Black

101 (13.13)

50 (12.85)

51 (13.42)

 Other

81 (10.53)

38 (9.77)

43 (11.32)

CAD, n (%)

 No

356 (46.29)

197 (50.64)

159 (41.84)

0.014

 Yes

413 (53.71)

192 (49.36)

221 (58.16)

Heart failure, n (%)

 No

308 (40.05)

166 (42.67)

142 (37.37)

0.133

 Yes

461 (59.95)

223 (57.33)

238 (62.63)

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

 No

391 (50.85)

205 (52.70)

186 (48.95)

0.298

 Yes

378 (49.15)

184 (47.30)

194 (51.05)

Hypertension, n (%)

 No

140 (18.21)

83 (21.34)

57 (15.00)

0.023

 Yes

629 (81.79)

306 (78.66)

323 (85.00)

Diabetes, n (%)

 No

426 (55.40)

206 (52.96)

220 (57.89)

0.168

 Yes

343 (44.60)

183 (47.04)

160 (42.11)

CKD, n (%)

 No

380 (49.41)

185 (47.56)

195 (51.32)

0.297

 Yes

389 (50.59)

204 (52.44)

185 (48.68)

Chronic pulmonary, n (%)

 No

470 (61.12)

241 (61.95)

229 (60.26)

0.631

 Yes

299 (38.88)

148 (38.05)

151 (39.74)

Liver disease, n (%)

 No

605 (78.67)

292 (75.06)

313 (82.37)

0.013

 Yes

164 (21.33)

97 (24.94)

67 (17.63)

Steroid, n (%)

 No

383 (49.80)

194 (49.87)

189 (49.74)

0.970

 Yes

386 (50.20)

195 (50.13)

191 (50.26)

Vasopressor, n (%)

 No

507 (65.93)

265 (68.12)

242 (63.68)

0.194

 Yes

262 (34.07)

124 (31.88)

138 (36.32)

Ventilation, n (%)

 No

383 (49.80)

195 (50.13)

188 (49.47)

0.856

 Yes

386 (50.20)

194 (49.87)

192 (50.53)

RRT, n (%)

 No

672 (87.39)

327 (84.06)

345 (90.79)

0.005

 Yes

97 (12.61)

62 (15.94)

35 (9.21)

SIRS score, n (%)

 0

9 (1.17)

2 (0.51)

7 (1.84)

0.208

 1

70 (9.10)

39 (10.03)

31 (8.16)

 2

165 (21.46)

75 (19.28)

90 (23.68)

 3

309 (40.18)

159 (40.87)

150 (39.47)

 4

216 (28.09)

114 (29.31)

102 (26.84)

SOFA Score, M (Q₁, Q₃)

4.00 (2.00, 6.00)

4.00 (3.00, 6.00)

4.00 (2.00, 6.00)

< 0.001

QSOFA score, n (%)

 0

14 (1.82)

9 (2.31)

5 (1.32)

0.290

 1

133 (17.30)

59 (15.17)

74 (19.47)

 2

385 (50.07)

195 (50.13)

190 (50.00)

 3

237 (30.82)

126 (32.39)

111 (29.21)

APS III Score, M (Q₁, Q₃)

50.00 (40.00, 64.00)

52.00 (42.00, 67.00)

47.00 (37.00, 61.00)

< 0.001

SAPS II Score, M (Q₁, Q₃)

39.00 (31.00, 49.00)

40.00 (32.00, 50.00)

39.00 (31.00, 47.00)

0.094

HR, M (Q₁, Q₃)

87.00 (75.00, 100.00)

88.00 (76.00, 102.00)

87.00 (75.00, 99.00)

0.233

Temperature, M (Q₁, Q₃)

36.60 (36.00, 37.10)

36.50 (35.90, 37.10)

36.60 (36.10, 37.10)

0.740

PaCO2, M (Q₁, Q₃)

41.00 (36.00, 47.00)

41.00 (35.00, 47.00)

42.00 (36.00, 48.00)

0.170

PaO2, M (Q₁, Q₃)

111.00 (70.00, 229.00)

104.00 (68.00, 186.00)

131.00 (74.75, 282.00)

< 0.001

cTNT, M (Q₁, Q₃)

0.14 (0.05, 0.49)

0.13 (0.05, 0.49)

0.15 (0.05, 0.52)

0.446

Lactate, M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.60 (1.20, 2.40)

1.70 (1.20, 2.40)

1.50 (1.10, 2.30)

0.059

WBC, M (Q₁, Q₃)

8.80 (6.50, 12.40)

9.50 (6.50, 13.70)

8.20 (6.40, 11.60)

< 0.001

Neutrophils, M (Q₁, Q₃)

77.20 (65.60, 85.90)

80.20 (67.80, 87.80)

73.15 (63.50, 83.30)

< 0.001

Lymphocytes, M (Q₁, Q₃)

14.20 (8.00, 23.90)

11.80 (6.70, 21.10)

17.75 (10.38, 26.00)

< 0.001

Hematocrit, M (Q₁, Q₃)

12.00 (10.60, 13.60)

11.40 (10.10, 12.90)

12.80 (11.30, 14.10)

< 0.001

RBC, M (Q₁, Q₃)

14.50 (13.70, 15.90)

15.30 (14.20, 16.80)

14.00 (13.38, 14.70)

< 0.001

PLT, M (Q₁, Q₃)

234.00 (173.00, 305.00)

229.00 (152.00, 312.00)

240.00 (185.00, 302.25)

0.094

Albumin, M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.60 (3.00, 4.00)

3.00 (2.60, 3.40)

4.00 (3.70, 4.30)

< 0.001

Scr, M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.20 (0.90, 1.80)

1.30 (0.90, 2.20)

1.15 (0.90, 1.60)

0.002

Bilirubin, M (Q₁, Q₃)

0.50 (0.30, 0.80)

0.50 (0.30, 0.90)

0.50 (0.30, 0.70)

0.016

BUN, M (Q₁, Q₃)

26.00 (17.00, 39.00)

29.00 (18.00, 44.00)

23.00 (16.00, 34.00)

< 0.001

Glucose, M (Q₁, Q₃)

6.83 (5.49, 9.60)

7.27 (5.72, 9.99)

6.41 (5.33, 8.85)

< 0.001

ALT, M (Q₁, Q₃)

86.00 (66.00, 120.00)

89.00 (65.00, 131.00)

84.50 (66.00, 111.00)

0.048

AST, M (Q₁, Q₃)

27.00 (20.00, 46.00)

31.00 (21.00, 55.00)

25.00 (20.00, 37.25)

< 0.001

28-day death, n (%)

 No

678 (88.17)

327 (84.06)

351 (92.37)

< 0.001

 Yes

91 (11.83)

62 (15.94)

29 (7.63)

In-hospital death, n (%)

 No

668 (86.87)

323 (83.03)

345 (90.79)

0.001

 Yes

101 (13.13)

66 (16.97)

35 (9.21)

ICU death, n (%)

 No

670 (87.13)

324 (83.29)

346 (91.05)

0.001

 Yes

99 (12.87)

65 (16.71)

34 (8.95)