Table 4 Summary of cost–benefit findings for GFRP.
Study | Initial cost vs. steel | Life-cycle cost savings | Key note |
|---|---|---|---|
Al Omar and Abdelhadi26 | lightly higher (not quantified) | Up to ≈ 85% lower total emissions and notable economic savings over full service life | Focus on environmental + economic sustainability |
Ascione et al27. | ≈ 15% higher | 26% lower global life-cycle cost due to minimal maintenance | Demonstrates long-term economic viability. |
Younis et al28. | Similar to steel | ≈ 50% lower life-cycle cost over 100 years | Excellent for marine exposure with reduced maintenance. |
