Fig. 1

Study flowchart illustrating the data acquisition sequence across three ventilation phases (PSV1, NAVA, PSV2). Each phase comprised a 30-min steady-state equilibration followed by 30-min data acquisition, including three data points and two 2-min EIT recordings. The EAdi signal level was kept consistent throughout the trial, regardless of the ventilation mode. PSV Pressure Support Ventilation, NAVA Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist, EIT Electrical Impedance Tomography.