Table 3 Average concentration of physicochemical characteristics of urban water (in 2025 year).

From: Evaluating the efficiency of formaldehyde degradation from aqueous environment by sonozone technique

Variables

Units

Value*

Mean

Standard deviation (SD)

Calcium

mg/L as CaCO3

160

0.16

Dissolved oxygen

mg/L

8.08

0.5

Formaldehyde

mg/L

0

0

Nitrate

mg/L

9.2

0.5

ORP

mV

275

0.07

pH

-

7.14

0.31

Sulfate

mg/L

94.3

0.45

Temperature

°C

20

0.22

Total Alkalinity

mg/L as CaCO3

120

0.63

  1. Formaldehyde was not detected in the baseline characterization, reflecting variability in influent composition over time. Pre-experiments confirmed that even at their maximum observed values, these background parameters had no measurable effect on formaldehyde removal efficiency in the sonozone process. This indicates that the degradation performance observed is primarily attributable to the applied advanced oxidation conditions rather than matrix interferences.
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