Table 12 Ocean current intensity sensitivity analysis (20 runs per condition).

From: A hybrid APF-DQN framework with transformer-based current prediction for USV path planning in dynamic ocean environments

Intensity

Method

Success (%)

Path Len. (m)

Steps

Energy

0.3 (Weak)

E-APF

90.0

\(393.51 \pm 224.06\)

\(87.94 \pm 43.90\)

\(123.99 \pm 90.75\)

DQN

50.0

\(356.20 \pm 40.76\)

\(74.80 \pm 21.67\)

\(107.94 \pm 30.77\)

APF-DQN

100.0

\(256.13 \pm 6.19\)

\(51.00 \pm 1.79\)

\(65.14 \pm 4.51\)

0.6 (Medium)

E-APF

100.0

248.40

48.00

54.00

DQN

95.0

\(344.73 \pm 119.34\)

\(64.68 \pm 31.85\)

\(92.55 \pm 60.09\)

APF-DQN

100.0

\(254.60 \pm 5.89\)

\(51.75 \pm 2.00\)

\(65.02 \pm 5.81\)

1.0 (Standard)

E-APF

100.0

270.09

47.00

53.67

DQN

100.0

\(294.69 \pm 20.86\)

\(50.85 \pm 6.17\)

\(76.04 \pm 13.30\)

APF-DQN

100.0

\(262.85 \pm 4.18\)

\(41.30 \pm 0.84\)

\(49.55 \pm 2.05\)

1.5 (Strong)

E-APF

95.0

\(323.51 \pm 58.14\)

\(71.53 \pm 13.22\)

\(86.20 \pm 30.05\)

DQN

100.0

\(318.28 \pm 8.68\)

\(59.25 \pm 10.37\)

\(104.99 \pm 12.08\)

APF-DQN

100.0

\(277.72 \pm 9.57\)

\(48.05 \pm 4.46\)

\(66.00 \pm 7.72\)