Fig. 1

Location of the study area. (a) Map of China. (b) Map of coalfields in Shanxi Province. (c) Map of the Modi Valley. Note: In Fig. 1c, AMD overflow springs (AMD 1 ~ 4), as well as mining-induced fissures in rock outcrops, surface fissures, and land subsidence, were identified by field investigation. The outcrops of the Nos. 2 and 10 coal seams, the pinch-out and erosional zones of the No. 10 coal seam, stratigraphic attitudes, and normal faults in this figure were determined through data collection. This figure is prepared using ArcGIS ver.10.8 (https://www.esri.com/) and the WGS84 coordinate system.