Table 2 Seasonal welfare decomposition into operating cost, curtailment, risk, and carbon charges ($/MWh).

From: Optimizing virtual power plant coordination through locational marginal flexibility under network constraints

Season

Scheme

Operating

Curtailment

Risk

Carbon

Total

Winter

Baseline

68.0

7.0

3.6

8.5

87.1

Proposed

64.0

4.3

2.5

7.7

78.5

Spring

Baseline

60.0

4.8

2.4

7.7

74.9

Proposed

55.8

2.9

1.6

6.9

67.2

Summer

Baseline

66.0

8.6

3.1

8.2

85.9

Proposed

60.7

4.7

2.0

7.2

74.6

Autumn

Baseline

63.0

3.9

2.6

7.9

77.4

Proposed

59.0

2.3

1.8

7.0

70.1