Table 5 Summary for the best models using the testing set.

From: Simultaneous prediction and optimisation of rock fragmentation and ground vibration using an ANN–RF ensemble in open-pit blasting

Parameter

Criterion

Method

ANN

RF

ANN-RF

PSO-ANN

PSO-ELM

ANN-SVR

PSO-XGBoost

GA-ANN

Fragmentation

\(R^{2}\)

0.932

0.919

0.956

0.949

0.942

0.946

0.953

0.951

RMSE

0.537

0.421

0.315

0.342

0.365

0.352

0.328

0.335

MAE

0.415

0.348

0.250

0.270

0.287

0.278

0.262

0.267

VAF (%)

93.0

91.8

95.5

94.5

93.8

94.2

95.0

94.7

Ground vibration

\(R^{2}\)

0.913

0.884

0.930

0.925

0.920

0.923

0.928

0.926

RMSE

0.468

0.453

0.380

0.394

0.408

0.400

0.387

0.391

MAE

0.362

0.347

0.302

0.310

0.322

0.315

0.305

0.308

VAF (%)

90.8

88.0

92.5

92.0

91.3

91.7

92.2

92.1

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