Table 1 The composition of Hoagland, Aquaponics + Hoagland and Aquaponics nutrient solutions, and water quality tolerance limits for fish production in Aquaponic system.
Parameter | Hoagland | Aquaponics +Hoagland | Aquaponics (influent of growth bed unit) | Aquaponics (effluent of growth bed unit) | Tolerance limits27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 7.09 ± 0.05 | 6.59 ± 0.10 | 6.30 ± 0.09 | 6.15 ± 0.07 | > 6 |
Total alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) | 98 ± 23 | 253 ± 32 | 256 ± 52 | 243 ± 34 | – |
Total hardness (mg/L) | 68 ± 3.2 | 161 ± 3.2 | 154 ± 4.6 | 158.6 ± 7.4 | – |
pH | 7.20 ± 0.10 | 7.62 ± 0.05 | 7.68 ± 0.08 | 7.66 ± 0.14 | 7–8 |
EC (mS/cm) | 1.87 ± 0.15 | 2.12 ± 0.18 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.03 | < 1.2 |
TDS (mg/L) | 737.2 ± 74 | 824.3 ± 43 | 312 ± 11 | 329 ± 19 | – |
NaCl (%) | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 1.13 ± 0.12 | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 0.69 ± 0.13 | – |
Water temperature (°C) | 22.36 ± 1.50 | 24.23 ± 0.74 | 24.6 ± 0.92 | 24.3 ± 0.81 | – |
NO3-N (mg/L) | 187.05 ± 23 | 198.04 ± 18 | 37.2 ± 2 | 34.8 ± 3 | < 150 |
NO2-N (mg/L) | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 1.64 ± 0.03 | 1.72 ± 0.24 | 1.54 ± 0.21 | < 0.2 |
NH4-N (mgL− 1) | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.12 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.33 ± 0.11 | < 1.0 |
K (mg/L) | 115.4 ± 5.3 | 129.3 ± 2.1 | 24.2 ± 4.2 | 22.3 ± 2.4 | – |
P (mg/L) | 18.25 ± 1.30 | 21.25 ± 2.20 | 9.12 ± 0.42 | 8.83 ± 0.32 | – |
Ca hardness (mg/L) | 58.4 ± 2.40 | 112.9 ± 3.10 | 32.4 ± 0.31 | 31.8 ± 0.42 | – |
Fe (mg/L) | 1.15 ± 0.08 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | – |
Zn (mg/L) | 0.057 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.04 | – |
Cu (mg/L) | 0.072 ± 0.01 | 0.078 ± 0.01 | 0.035 ± 0.01 | 0.041 ± 0.01 | – |
