Table 3 Histologic analysis of tissue in socket healing process after tooth extraction, immunohistochemical evaluation of BMP-4 expression, and biochemical analysis of serum CTX and TRACP-5b levels between intra and inter-groups on days 14 and 28.

From: Evaluation of the effect of resveratrol on bone healing after tooth extraction in rats treated with zoledronic acid

Parameters	Day	Control group	Zoledronic acid group	Resveratrol group	Zoledronic acid+ Resveratrol group	¹P Value	Eta squared (η²)
Parameters	Day	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	¹P Value	Eta squared (η²)
Epithelization	14	0.5 ± 0.53 (0.5)^Aa	0.25 ± 0.46 (0)^Aa	0.75 ± 0.46 (1)^Aa	0.33 ± 0.50 (0)^Aa	0.202	0.06
	28	1.13 ± 0.35 (1)^ABa	0.38 ± 0.52 (0)^Aa	1.25 ± 0.46 (1)^Ba	0.44 ± 0.53 (0)^Aa	0.002*	0.39
	²p	0.065	0.721	0.161	0.730
Inflammation	14	0.75 ± 0.46 (1)^Aa	1.63 ± 0.52 (2)^Aa	1.25 ± 0.71 (1)^Aa	1.33 ± 0.71 (1)^Aa	0.058	0.16
	28	0.75 ± 0.71 (1)^Aa	1.50 ± 0.76 (2)^Aa	1.13 ± 0.35 (1)^Aa	0.78 ± 0.67 (1)^Aa	0.088	0.12
	²p	0.959	0.878	0.645	0.136
Connective tissue	14	2.25 ± 0.46 (2)^Aa	1.25 ± 0.46 (1)^Ba	2.38 ± 0.52 (2)^Aa	1.44 ± 0.53 (1)^Ba	0.001*	0.49
	28	2.5 ± 0.53 (2.5)^Aa	1.38 ± 0.52 (1)^Ba	2.38 ± 0.52 (2)^Aa	1.44 ± 0.53 (1)^Ba	0.001*	0.48
	²p	0.442	0.721	1.000	1.000
New bone formation	14	1.50 ± 0.53 (1.5)^Aa	1.38 ± 0.52 (1)^Aa	1.88 ± 0.35 (2)^Aa	1.33 ± 0.5 (1)^Aa	0.122	0.10
	28	1.88 ± 0.35 (2)^ABb	1.50 ± 0.53 (1.5)^Ab	2.38 ± 0.52 (2)^Bb	1.44 ± 0.53 (1)^Ab	0.007*	0.31
	²p	0.234	0.721	0.130	0.730
BMP-4	14	62.00 ± 6.52 (62)^Aa	50.00 ± 6.91 (51)^Aa	87.13 ± 9.39 (87.5)^Ba	66.44 ± 9.04 (69)^Aa	0.001*	0.73
	28	56.88 ± 4.85 (57)^Aa	51 ± 8.47 (53.5)^Aa	81.75 ± 13.71 (86)^Ba	59.00 ± 4.97 (58)^Aa	0.003*	0.37
	²p	0.105	0.721	0.442	0.077
CTX	14	6.94 ± 0.62 (7.2)^ABa	7.91 ± 0.67 (7.9)^BCa	5.72 ± 2.02 (6.5)^Aa	8.63 ± 0.62 (8.5)^Ca	0.001*	0.68
	28	6.74 ± 0.51 (6.6)^Aa	9.09 ± 0.81 (9.1)^Bb	7.86 ± 0.54 (7.8)^ABb	8.12 ± 1.16 (7.7)^Ba	0.001*	0.53
	²p	0.408	0.004*	0.001*	0.370
TRACP-5b	14	0.88 ± 0.12 (0.8)^Aa	1.10 ± 0.09 (1.2)^ABa	1.04 ± 0.04 (1)^Aa	1.37 ± 0.11 (1.4)^Ba	0.001*	0.72
	28	0.90 ± 0.06 (0.9)^Aa	1.30 ± 0.10 (1.3)^Bb	1.14 ± 0.07 (1.1)^ABb	1.30 ± 0.10 (1.3)^Bb	0.001*	0.75
	²p	0.252	0.001*	0.008*	0.161
Effect size classification (Eta Squared, η²)
Effect size			Value (η²) Range		Interpretation
Small			0.01 ≤ η² < 0.06		Small effect
Medium			0.06 ≤ η² < 0.14		Medium effect
Large			η² ≥ 0.14		Large effect

Different uppercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups, while lowercase letters indicate differences between time points.
¹Kruskal Wallis Test ²Mann Whitney U Test *p < 0.05 SD: Standard deviation.

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Table 3 Histologic analysis of tissue in socket healing process after tooth extraction, immunohistochemical evaluation of BMP-4 expression, and biochemical analysis of serum CTX and TRACP-5b levels between intra and inter-groups on days 14 and 28.

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