Fig. 3

Illustrates the relationship between sperm telomere length and semen parameters. (A) The Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to assess the differences in relative telomere length between groups with normal and abnormal seminal quality. STL denotes sperm telomere length.Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ns (P > 0.05), * (P < 0.05), and ** (P < 0.01) in comparedison to the normal group. (B) Adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence interval (CI)] for semen quality were calculated according to quartiles of relative telomere length levels, as included in the logistic regression analysis model. Relative telomere length was incorporated into the conditional logistic regression model, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was derived after controlling for confounding variables such as age, BMI, and smoking/drinking habits. STL: again refers to sperm telomere length.