Fig. 1

Flowchart of patient inclusion in the prospective observational study. Notes: A total of 106 potential eligible patients were screened, and ultimately 90 patients were included in the final analysis. After enrollment, 11 patients were excluded due to not meeting the predetermined surgical conditions during surgery (3 cases with surgery duration < 1 h, 8 cases with Intraoperative irrigation fluid volume < 20,000 mL). All 11 cases were excluded intraoperatively, none were lost to follow-up.