Table 2 FTIR peak positions, intensities, and functional groups.

From: Effect of tea waste biochar and zeolite on maize growth and glyphosate uptake irrigated with glyphosate contaminated water

Peak position (cm⁻1)

Relative intensity

Functional group assignment

 ~ 3400–3500

Strong

O–H Stretch (alcohols, phenols)

 ~ 3300–3400

Medium

N–H Stretch (amines, amides)

 ~ 1650

Medium

C=C Stretch (alkenes, aromatic rings)

 ~ 1700

Medium

C=O Stretch (carbonyl groups)

 ~ 1450

Medium

C–O Stretch (alcohols, esters, ethers)

 ~ 1200–1250

Medium

P–OH Bending (phosphates)