Table 3 Control parameters and their levels.
Factor | Symbol | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tool Rotation Speed (rpm) | A | 600 | 800 | 1000 | 1200 |
Traverse Speed (mm/min) | B | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 |
Axial Force (kN) | C | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
Tilt Angle (°) | D | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Shoulder-to-Pin Ratio (D/d) | E | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5 |
